Reigning champion Nyck de Vries led the Mercedes-EQ team home with a 1-2 in the opening round of the new season in Saudi Arabia. He sealed his first victory in Formula E at the same venue last year and took advantage of an uncharacteristic Stoffel Vandoorne slip-up to double up, with the Belgian missing his second jump through the ATTACK MODE activation loop. The pair were dominant from there, winding up 8 seconds clear of Jake Dennis (Avalanche Andretti) third.

Jaguar TCS Racing’s Sam Bird crossed the line a fighting fourth, with Andre Lotterer (Porsche) looking strong early on – particularly in a duel with Dennis. The German eventually slipped down the order from a provisional podium position to 14th as his usable energy became ever more marginal as the race drew on.

Lucas di Grassi showcased his renowned racecraft to notch fifth on debut for ROKiT Venturi Racing just ahead of teammate Edoardo Mortara and Nick Cassidy – the Envision Racing man also taking the point for the Fastest Lap.

DS TECHEETAH’s Jean-Eric Vergne followed in eighth, pipping rookie Oliver Askew who’ll be happy with his first effort in the series and points on the board – no mean feat. Jaguar’s Mitch Evans rounded out the points-paying positions.

After Mercedes-EQ’s dominance in Round 1, the second round run the next day saw ROKiT Venturi Racing take the headlines with Edoardo Mortara and Lucas di Grassi bringing home the customer Silver Arrow 02 machine home in first and third place respectively, with Envision Racing’s Robin Frijns splitting the pair in second.

Through the second round of ATTACK MODE activations, di Grassi was able to position himself for a move on polesitter and then-leader Nyck de Vries (Mercedes-EQ) on Lap 16. The Brazilian fired it around the outside of de Vries at Turn 18 and made it stick, with Mortara also able to profit and make it through.

The Swiss then swept by his teammate for the lead a lap later, and there he stayed – fending off Frijns until the race came to an end behind the Safety Car after Alexander Sims’ Mahindra found the wall.

Andre Lotterer (TAG Heuer Porsche Formula E Team) made amends after slipping down the order during Race 1 as the German battled to fourth. Lotterer jousted with Jake Dennis (Avalanche Andretti) and Jean-Eric Vergne (DS TECHEETAH) throughout and got the better of the pair, who followed the Porsche driver home.

Vandoorne stealthily clambered from 12th spot into seventh at the flag – very Vandoorne, quietly claiming valuable points from an inopportune situation. Oliver Rowland (Mahindra Racing) rocketed off the line and back from a pre-race 3-position grid penalty to finish eighth, with Pascal Wehrlein (Porsche) ninth. de Vries was thus shuffled down the pack after the Venturis made their way through – and following a pass by Vergne which resulted in some close contact.

Mercedes Team Principal Ian James admitted the team was left ‘open and vulnerable. “It’s massively frustrating when you have such a strong Qualifying and then you can’t convert it into the positions that you wanted in the end,” he said after the end of the second round. “To be frank, we didn’t have a car that was fast enough today and I think that leaves you open and vulnerable during the race. I think that’s where we lost the places and we just need to work out how we got ourselves into that position and make sure that we can correct those errors.”

Mortara now sits 4 points ahead of de Vries at the top of the Drivers’ standings, while ROKiT Venturi Racing heads the Teams’ running by 11 points over Mercedes-EQ with Avalanche Andretti third.

Moving on to Mexico City for Round 3 on February 12, the Mercedes-EQ team (in its final season)  will be working hard to correct the errors that led to its defeat in the second round in Diriyah. While this wouldn’t be the first time we’ve seen a customer team be more competitive than the manufacturer that provides the powertrain, Mercedes-EQ will no doubt do everything it can to limit Venturi’s lead early on in the challenge for the Teams’ Championship trophy which it captured in Season 7.

Formula E’s Gen2 EVO racing cars will run for the last time in Season 8 in 2022, with Gen3 being used in 2023

While the rest of the auto industry is focussed on battery packs with stored electricity to power motors that propel cars, one company in the Netherlands is using an approach which has been thought to be impossible – at this time. The approach uses the energy in sunshine, which there is an abundance of (especially in Malaysia) and Lightyear, as the company is called, is not just talking about it: they have a running prototype that has shown promising results.

5-year old start-up
Lightyear is a start-up which was established in 2016 and specializes in solar electric vehicles (SEVs). It is made up of alumni of Solar Team Eindhoven which won the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge in 2013, 2015 and 2017. Since its launch, Lightyear has received several awards, grants and support from key investors. “This allowed us to develop a working prototype for the first long-range solar car in just 2 years. We have already sold over a hundred vehicles. With Lightyear One, we want to show that our technology enabled us to build one of the most sustainable cars on the market that also offers great convenience,” said Lex Hoefsloot, CEO and co-founder of Lightyear.

Lightyear One, the first model, has been engineered coming from a radically different perspective, with a strong focus on optimising efficiency and safety. Its development started from scratch, following not convention but only the laws of physics, to purposefully design a car that ‘gets the most out of every ray of sunshine’. The main goal of the SEV is to fill in where electric cars fall short. “Research has shown that range and the lack of charging options are still the top concerns that people have when considering electric cars,” said Hoefsloot.

Ultra-efficiency as the solution
“We are solving these issues with what we call ultra-efficiency. On one hand, that will lead to an exceptional range of 725 kms on a relatively small battery pack. On the other hand, it can charge directly from the sun because its energy consumption is much lower, generating up to 20,000 kms worth of energy per year. Moreover, all of the charging options out there become easier to use because you get a lot more range for the same amount of energy charged. So effectively, you charge a lot faster from any power outlet. You can charge up to 400 kms per night from ordinary 230V sockets. That’s great for road trips because you don’t need charging infrastructure.”

The roof and bonnet are where 5 square metres of integrated solar cells are installed. They are encased in safety glass so strong that a fully-grown adult can walk on them without causing dents. The car itself is constructed from high-tech materials to have the lowest weight possible while maintaining stringent passenger safety. It is propelled by four independently driven wheels, so no energy is lost in transit from the engine to the wheel. In addition to solar power, Lightyear One can be charged at a fast-charging station or even a regular outlet, when required.

By June last year, in spite of the challenges posed working in pandemic conditions, the team was able to take a Validation Prototype to a test track in Germany. There, they achieved a significant milestone: 710 kilometres on a single battery charge, the longest range an electric vehicle has ever achieved on 60 kWh of energy.

Extremely high energy efficiency
The prototype was driven at a speed of 85 km/h for almost 9 hours straight on one single charge. Even the most efficient electric cars on the market today consume around 50% more energy at this relatively low speed. It took energy EV efficiency to the next level as lowering the energy consumption per km of an EV ensures that you can provide a lot of range on a small battery. Because batteries are the most expensive part of an EV, it means that, in the future, it will be possible to offer affordable electric cars with a lot of range.

But can a solar car be durable enough for long-term use – especially those solar cells? This was answered by the next phase of testing where engineers assessed the Lightyear One’s structural integrity when driving on harsh roads, collected data for simulation models, and used the results for component testing.

The data was collected through 72 different sensors, which even measured acceleration signals in various body and wheel positions. Collecting this data was crucial, mainly because of Lightyear One’s in-wheel motors.

The durability testing done in Belgium consisted of driving over 20 different surfaces, varying from deep potholes, driving over bumps, railroad crossings, to rural country roads. Besides seeing how well the in-wheel motors withstand stressful conditions, the aim was to simulate a standard and complete drive of a car in real-world conditions. The results surpassed expectations and provided with valuable input on how to improve the model.

More progress, more efficiency
Progress continues to be made and recently, the Lightyear team carried out tests on tyre performance (the tyres are developed by Bridgestone), aerodynamics and efficiency at higher speeds. The tests, carried out at the track in Aprilia which is where Bridgestone has its European Proving Ground, gave encouraging results.

The latest test data provided further evidence that the upcoming SEV will be one of the most efficient on the market. During the testing, the Lightyear One was taken up to 130 km/h, faster than in previous tests. Furthermore, conditions were colder, with the temperature around 10°C, which provided important data as climatic conditions have an effect on performance of EVS.

“Results of our road tests confirm that we’re on track to producing the most aerodynamic 5-seater to date, with a record-breaking drag coefficient of less than 0.20 Cd.  Here at Lightyear, we never stop learning. And we never stop using those lessons to innovate. The tests, which delivered robust insight into the aerodynamics of our validation prototype, will be crucial in developing the most efficient car,” said Hoefsloot.

Hyundai Motor Group begins selling first model with solar roof charging system

Right from its earliest years, the Ford Mustang has made a name for itself in motorsports, not just in America but also in other parts of the world. In fact, one of its earliest victories was class wins in the Tour de France in 1964, the same year it was born. In 2024, the iconic sportscar will lead Ford’s return to global sportscar racing as Ford Performance prepares a new GT3 race car for competition.

The all-new Mustang GT3 racing car will compete in the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) 2024 race season, including the 24 Hours of Daytona. It is being developed under a joint program between Ford Performance and long-time racing collaborator Multimatic Motorsports.

“Mustang was born to race from the start and we’re thrilled to introduce the GT3 version to compete head-to-head against some of the greatest manufacturers in the world,” said Mark Rushbrook, Ford Performance Motorsports Global Director. “With 58 years of global endurance racing heritage, including NASCAR and Australian Supercars today, we are ready to take Mustang to the next level of global performance.

“Multimatic Motorsports is the perfect partner on this project for us,” he added. “Not only have they worked with us to develop numerous customer Mustang programs in the past, but its work on the Ford GT program and the new Bronco DR customer race programs has shown together we can provide championship-level race programs for Ford and its customers.”

Coyote-based V8
The Mustang GT3 will be powered by a Ford 5-litre Coyote-based V8 engine developed by Ford Performance and built by long-time racing collaborator and world championship winning team, M-Sport in England. M-Sport developed and prepared the Ford Puma Hybrid Rally1 which finished 1-3-5 in its debut race at the 2022 Monte Carlo Rally recently.

“We are delighted to be broadening our relationship with Ford and extending it into the racing world after a very successful 25 years together in the World Rally Championship, which is once again delivering stunning results with the Puma Hybrid Rally1,” said Malcom Wilson, owner of M-Sport. “M-Sport has a wealth and depth of circuit racing knowledge and expertise, particularly from our GT3 programme that used an M-Sport developed V8 engine for GT3 that powered us to victory in the 2020 Bathurst 12-hour race and 2019 1000km of Paul Ricard.

The race-specific powerplant will continue the heritage of high performance naturally-aspirated V8s on the Mustang platform. The Coyote engine, which was introduced in 2011, will have performance and packaging modifications to make it championship-ready for international GT3 endurance racing.

It will feature bespoke Short-Long Arm suspension front and rear, rear-mounted transaxle gearbox, carbonfibre body panels, as well as a unique aero package developed to meet GT3 targets.

Ford and Multimatic will make both factory-backed and customer-ready GT3 Mustangs available to teams from the start of the 2024 season.

New Mustang GT4 too
Although the Mustang GT3 for IMSA is new, Ford and Multimatic confirmed that the successful Mustang GT4 customer race program will continue into the future, with a new Mustang GT4 expected to debut in the 2023 season.

“It’s important to us to continue to support the Mustang GT4 effort as well,” said Rushbrook.  “We’ve had a lot of success both here and in Europe with the current Mustang GT4, and we look forward to being able to provide our customers with a brand new car for competition in the GT4 category starting next season.  We’ll have more to say on that in the near future.”

The new Mustang announcements for sportscar racing adds to a series of new racing Mustangs coming in the near future for Ford Performance. The 2022 Next Gen Ford Mustang will debut in the NASCAR Cup series at two races next month. Ford Performance is also developing its new Gen 3 Mustang for the Supercars Series that will debut at the start of 2023.

Ford GT Heritage Edition pays homage to 1964 prototype of Le Mans winners

A new season of the ABB FIA Formula E World Championship starts today in Saudi Arabia, at the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Diriyah. Today and tomorrow, 22 drivers will race their electrically-powered single-seaters around one of the most technically challenging tracks of the series – under lights as the race will be run after sunset.

The 11 teams will be participating in the first of 16 races on the 2022 and reigning World Champions Nyck de Vries and Mercedes-EQ are looking to defend their Drivers’ and Teams’ World Championship titles the team leaves the series. The Mercedes-EQ team will not continue into the Gen3 era, a move which was announced after the final race of Season 7.

Three new drivers
While their closest rivals from last season field unchanged line-ups, this season sees three new drivers take a seat in the most competitive Formula E grid to date, including new addition and ex-Formula 1 racer, Antonio Giovinazzi. Mitch Evans and Sam Bird are back with Jaguar TCS Racing while DS TECHEETAH confirmed that double champion Jean-Eric Vergne once again lines up with Season 6 title-winner Antonio Felix da Costa.

Envision Racing will seek to build on a positive Season 7, with Robin Frijns impressing on the way to fifth in the standings last time out, and Nick Cassidy is no longer just the head-turning rookie but a serious contender. After a storming maiden campaign, Avalanche Andretti’s Jake Dennis is back and is joined by the only American driver on the grid, 2019 Indy Lights champ Oliver Askew.

ROKiT Venturi Racing head into a new campaign full of optimism with last year’s runner up Edoardo Mortara joined by 2016/17 champion Lucas di Grassi at the Monegasque team this season. TAG Heuer Porsche Formula E Team’s all-German line-up remains where Pascal Wehrlein and Andre Lotterer go again in search of Porsche’s maiden race win in all-electric motorsport as Oliver Rowland joins countryman Alexander Sims at Mahindra Racing.

Maximilian Guenther makes the switch to Nissan e.dams, alongside 2015/16 champion Sebastien Buemi, while DRAGON / PENSKE AUTOSPORT snapped up Antonio Giovinazzi fresh from Formula 1, with the Italian joining Sergio Sette Camara. At NIO 333, Oliver Turvey is joined by multiple Macau Grand Prix winner and current FIA Formula 2 Championship front-runner Dan Ticktum.

Revised regulations
From Season 8, Formula E races can now have additional race time of up to 10 minutes added when incidents cause Safety Car or Full Course Yellow neutralisations during the 45-minute plus one lap race.

This being the final season for the Gen2 racing cars, they will be pushed to the max. During races, the drivers will be able to tap into 220 kW of power, which is 200 kW more than the last season. When available, power generation during ATTACK MODE will also increase to 250 kW from 235 kW.

There’s a new qualifying format for this season featuring Groups and knockout Duels. It’s a first in world motorsport and will debut in Diriyah to provide a completely new challenge for drivers and teams to tackle.

Double-header after sunset
Formula E broke new ground with its first night races, working closely with Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Sport to turn the dream of a sustainable night race into reality at an adapted Riyadh Street Circuit. The fast and flowing 21-turn 2.49-km circuit, flanking the At-Turaif UNESCO World Heritage Site, will once again be lit up by the latest low-power LED technology. These reduce energy consumption by up to 50% compared to non-LED units, and are powered by sustainably-sourced biofuel generators.

Formula E manufacturers are set to take delivery of Gen3 cars in coming months for further intensive development testing on and off the track. These new racing cars are said to be the world’s most efficient racing cars with a series of design, performance and sustainability innovations. The Gen3 car will be the first formula car with both front and rear powertrains: a new front powertrain adds 250 kW to the 350 kW at the rear, more than doubling the regenerative capability of the current Gen2 car to a total of 600 kW.

Maserati to officially return to racing in 2023 with a team in Formula E

Gordon Murray Automotive (GMA) has unveiled the much-awaited T.33, the second newly developed model from the company which joins the T.50 and T.50s Niki Lauda in the line-up. As with the T.50, the aim with the T.33 has been to provide a supercar with a timeless design that has similar driver focus, performance, and light weight but which is also a different sort of machine.

The T.33 has been designed by Gordon Murray and his team with strict adherence to the company’s guiding principles. It has an entirely new carbonfibre/aluminium superlight architecture with a carbonfibre bodyshell that is a perfectly proportioned and balanced form.

Engineering art
“The beauty of simplicity is the key to the design of every GMA model, and the new T.33 is no exception. As with the T.50 and T.50s, each component and every curve and radius is a bespoke design on the T.33 and is there because it has a function to perform. Our slavish adherence to the concept of engineering art extends far beneath the surface of the T.33’s body. Every part, no matter how small and no matter that the owner may never see it, is designed to the same exacting standards as the body,” said Professor Murray who was Technical Director for two successful F1 team (Brabham and McLaren).

When it was launched in 2020, the GMA T.50 rewrote the supercar rulebook with the most advanced and effective aerodynamics ever seen on a roadcar, enabled by its unique rear-mounted fan. Now, the equally innovative T.33 creates a new era of roadcar ground effect aerodynamics. This time there is no use of a rear fan as in the T.50. Instead, the engineers have used numerous lessons learnt with the T.50 project to create a Passive Boundary Layer Control (PBLC) system.

At the front of the car, a ground effect inlet channels air underneath the floor. A diffuser with a boundary layer removal duct activated by the base suction behind the car enables a level of aerodynamic efficiency that is 30% more effective than the conventional ground effect supercar.

The ground effect dynamics provided by the PBLC system freed the team from the need to equip the T.33 with the wings, skirts and vents that adorn most modern-day supercars. The only concession is the active rear spoiler, which deploys automatically, but can also be activated by the driver. The rear spoiler also provides a high downforce mode, increasing downforce and an aero enhanced braking function.

GMA-Cosworth V12 engine
The T.33’s GMA.2 V12 3.9-litre engine, developed with Technical Partner Cosworth, is an all-aluminium unit weighing 178 kgs. It can spin to a redline of 11,100 rpm, with peak power of 615 ps at 10,500 rpm and maximum torque of 451 Nm at 9,000rpm. 75% of the available torque is generated at 2,500rpm and from 4,500 rpm to 10,500 rpm, the driver has 90% of maximum torque.

While GMA and Cosworth chose to retain the V12 cylinder heads, albeit in modified form, completely new camshafts, variable valve timing, and engine mapping have been introduced to ensure perfection in response and power delivery. Along with a new ram induction intake system, a new exhaust system has been developed which delivers a signature sound. The engine mountings, water cooling, and oil cooling systems are also entirely new and were developed specifically for the T.33’s engine.

To efficiently deliver all that power to the wheels, Xtrac created a totally bespoke 6-speed transmission. Customers will be able to order either a manual gearchange or an Instantaneous Gearchange System (IGS) paddle shift actuation. The transmission is combined with a low inertia clutch and a Limited-Slip Differential (LSD).

“Nothing was taken for granted, and no part was automatically carried over without due diligence and consideration. Numerous systems and components were re-engineered and re-designed to pursue excellence, and we are 100% confident that the GMA.2 V12 provides the perfect match for the T.33’s driving characteristics,” Professor Murray said.

The extremely light supercar is fitted with an entirely new suspension package. Lightweight double wishbones are deployed front and rear in conjunction with coil springs over aluminium alloy dampers. The front suspension configuration features an anti-roll bar and aluminium alloy uprights. At the rear of the chassis, aluminium alloy uprights and toe control links are deployed, along with an Inclined Axis Shear Mounting (IASM) system. The IASM system has the rear suspension mounted directly to the transmission casing with the torsional loads supported by the chassis and the entire powertrain mounted on anti-vibration bushes.

Purely functional interior
To enter the cabin of many modern-day supercars is to enter a world of large touchscreens and endless sub-menus that cause confusion and distraction. No touchscreens are found within the simple 2-person cabin of the T.33. As with the exterior, nothing is included unless it serves a purpose and if there was a danger it would dilute the driving experience, then it was simply deleted from the development programme. The car is even devoid of column stalks; instead, the indicators are operated by thumb-buttons on the carbonfibre steering wheel’s horizontal spokes.

The T.33 is intended for sale globally so regulations for virtually every country, including the USA, will be considered so it can be homologated worldwide. Customers can choose between right-hand or left-hand drive and then personalise the car. However, only 100 people will be able to buy one which will have an estimated price of £1.37 million (around RM7.7 million) ex-factory.

Gordon Murray’s T.50 supercar revealed in full

In the late 1990s, the ‘merger of equals’ between Chrysler and Daimler led to the start of the mega corporations in the auto industry. The new company was the result of the largest industrial merger ever, worth US$130 billion in 1998. While DaimlerChrysler lasted less than 10 years, it set in motion a rush of mergers in the industry and the next group to come together was Renault and Nissan, forming an alliance in 1999. The Alliance helped to save Nissan from financial collapse which went on to become a successful partnership with shared resources during the 2000s.

In 2016, it was Nissan’s turn to help save another manufacturer – Mitsubishi Motors (MMC) – which lacked scale to progress healthily. With Nissan acquiring a 34% controlling stake in MMC, the smaller company was able to become a ‘junior partner’ in the Alliance.

One of the Alliance’s most competitive advantages is its ability to strengthen its members by sharing what each one is best at. This approach has allowed each company acquire and use new technologies while reducing costs, lowering prices and thus increasing business performance. For example, shared resources (60% of its models use common platforms) have helped the company focus on other areas of innovation.

The sharing will continue in a bigger way as the Alliance has announced more common projects and actions to accelerate and to shape their shared future towards 2030, focusing on the mobility value chain. The trio will use a common roadmap to 2030 on pure-EV and Intelligent & Connected mobility, with massive investments that none could make alone.

“Among the world’s automotive leaders, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance is a proven, unique model. For 22 years, we have been building on our respective cultures and strengths for our common benefit,” said Jean-Dominique Senard, Chairman of the Alliance. “Today, the Alliance is accelerating to lead the mobility revolution and deliver more value to customers, our people, our shareholders and all our stakeholders. The three member-companies have defined a common roadmap towards 2030, sharing investments in future electrification and connectivity projects.

Moving forward together
The Alliance members have developed a ‘smart differentiation’ methodology that defines the desired level of commonality for each vehicle, integrating several parameters of possible pooling, such as platforms, production plants, powertrains or vehicle segment. This is supplemented and enhanced by a stricter approach to design and upper-body differentiation. For example, the common platform for the C and D segment will carry 5 models from the 3 brands of the Alliance (Nissan Qashqai and X-Trail, Mitsubishi Outlander, Renault Austral and an upcoming 7-seater SUV).

Strengthening this process, the Alliance members will enhance usage of common platforms in the coming years from 60% today to more than 80% of its combined 90 models during the next 4 years. As part of this, MMC will reinforce its presence in Europe with two new models, among them the new ASX based on Renault models.

5 common EV platforms
Renault, Nissan and Mitsubishi have been pioneers in the EV market, having begun offering products even before the acceleration began in recent years. Nissan, for example, began selling the fully electric LEAF in 2010 which has today become the volume leader globally. In the main markets (Europe, Japan, the US, China), 15 Alliance plants already produce parts, motors, batteries for 10 EV models, with more than 1 million EV cars sold so far and 30 billion e-kilometres driven. To date, the Alliance has invested more than 10 billion euros in the field of electrification.

Building on this long expertise, the Alliance will accelerate its EV business by adding a total of 23 billion euros during the next 5 years on electrification. This investment will see 35 new EV models by 2030. 90% of these models will be based on 5 common platforms, covering most markets, in all major regions

There will be platforms for small models as well as large light commercial vehicles, with the CMF-EV being  the global and flexible platform fully engineered for EVs. It is already being used as the base for the Nissan Ariya EV crossover and Renault Megane E-Tech Electric, and its modularity allows the Alliance partners to develop for a new generation of EVs.

The platform has been created to integrate and optimize all the elements specific to a 100% electric powertrain, hosting a new, high-performance motor and an ultra-thin battery. By 2030, more than 15 models will be based on the CMF-EV platform, with up to 1.5 million vehicles produced on this platform each year.

The CMFB-EV,  to be launched in 2024, will be the most competitive compact electric platform in the world, it is claimed. It will be able to provide up to 400 kms range from a fully-charged battery pack, thanks for efficient aerodynamic performance. Power consumption will also be more than 10% lower than the current Renault ZOE, while the cost will be lower by 33%.

This platform will be the base for 250,000 vehicles a year under the Renault, Alpine and Nissan brands. Among the new models will be the Renault R5 and a new compact EV that will replace the Nissan Micra. Designed by Nissan and engineered by Renault, the new model is planned to be manufactured at Renault ElectriCity, and electric industrial centre in northern France.

Common battery strategy
Battery technology and production are key elements in electrification strategies and with breakthrough battery innovations and a planned 220 GWh production capacity, the Alliance expects to bring a highly competitive and attractive offer to all customers. Competitiveness is key, and that can be achieved with a common battery strategy which will see (in core markets), Renault and Nissan using a common battery supplier so volumes will be higher for better economies of scale. The aim, with common partners, will be to reduce battery costs by 50% in 2026 and 65% by 2028.

Beyond that, the Alliance shares a common vision for all-solid-state battery technology (ASSB). Based on its deep expertise and unique experience as a pioneer in battery technology, Nissan will lead innovations in this area that will benefit all Alliance members. ASSB will have double the energy density versus current liquid lithium-ion batteries, while recharging time could be be greatly reduced to one-third of today’s time.